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<title>COMPASS experiment</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">COMPASS experiment</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Super Proton Synchrotron<br>(SPS)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Key SPS Experiments</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="UA1_experiment" title="UA1 experiment">UA1</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Underground Area 1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="UA2_experiment" title="UA2 experiment">UA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Underground Area 2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="NA31_experiment" title="NA31 experiment">NA31</a></th><td class="infobox-data">NA31 Experiment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="NA32_experiment" title="NA32 experiment">NA32</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Investigation of Charm Production in Hadronic Interactions Using High-Resolution Silicon Detectors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data">Common Muon and Proton Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="NA61" class="mw-redirect" title="NA61">SHINE</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SPS Heavy Ion and Neutrino Experiment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="NA62_experiment" title="NA62 experiment">NA62</a></th><td class="infobox-data">NA62 Experiment</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">SPS preaccelerators</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">p and Pb</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Linear_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear accelerator">Linear accelerators</a> for <a href="Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> (Linac 2) and <a href="Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> (Linac 3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">(not marked)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Proton_Synchrotron_Booster" title="Proton Synchrotron Booster">Proton Synchrotron Booster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">PS</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Proton_Synchrotron" title="Proton Synchrotron">Proton Synchrotron</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>NA58 experiment</b>, or <b>COMPASS</b> (standing for "<b>Common Muon and Proton Apparatus for Structure and Spectroscopy</b>") is a 60-metre-long <a href="Fixed-target_experiment" title="Fixed-target experiment">fixed-target experiment</a> at the M2 beam line of the <a href="Super_Proton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron">SPS</a> at <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>. The experimental hall is located at the CERN North Area, close to the French village of Prévessin-Moëns. The experiment is a two-staged <a href="Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> with numerous tracking detectors, particle identification and calorimetry. The physics results are extracted by recording and analysing the final states of the scattering processes.

</p>

<p>The versatile set-up, the use of different targets and particle beams allow the investigation of various processes. The main physics goals are the investigation of the <a href="Nucleon_spin_structure" title="Nucleon spin structure">nucleon spin structure</a> and <a href="Hadron_spectroscopy" title="Hadron spectroscopy">hadron spectroscopy</a>. The collaboration consists of 220 physicists from 13 different countries, involving 28 universities and research institutes.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_physics_goals">History and physics goals</h2></div>

<p>The COMPASS experiment was proposed in 1996 and approved by the CERN research committee. Between 1999 and 2001, the experiment was set up and finally in 2001, the first commissioning run was performed. Until the start of the <a href="Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">LHC</a> experiments, COMPASS was the largest data-taking experiment at CERN. It is also a pioneer in adopting new detector and readout technologies, such as <a href="Micromegas_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Micromegas detector">MicroMegas</a>, <a href="Gas_Electron_Multiplier" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas Electron Multiplier">GEM</a> detectors and most recently THGEM photon detection. The data taking is divided into the COMPASS I and II phases.

</p>

<p><b>COMPASS I</b> (2002-2011)

</p>

<ul><li>Nucleon spin structure</li>

<li>Gluon polarisation in nucleons</li>

<li>u,d,s flavour decomposition of the nucleon spin</li>

<li>Transverse spin</li>

<li><a href="Transverse_momentum_distributions" title="Transverse momentum distributions">Quark transverse momentum distribution</a></li>

<li>Pion polarisability</li>

<li>Search for exotic states:

<ul><li>Light meson spectroscopy</li>

<li>Baryon spectroscopy</li></ul></li></ul>

<p><b>COMPASS II</b> (2012-2021)

</p>

<ul><li>Nucleon tomography (Deep Virtual Compton Scattering)</li>

<li>Unpolarised quark transverse momentum distribution and strangeness</li>

<li>Pion and kaon polarisabilities</li>

<li>Polarised <a href="Drell%E2%80%93Yan_process" title="Drell–Yan process">Drell-Yan</a>: universality of transverse momentum distribution</li>

<li>d-Quark Transversity</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_Apparatus">Experimental Apparatus</h2></div>

<p>The experiment consists of three major parts: the beam telescope, the target area and the two-staged spectrometer.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particle_beam">Particle beam</h3></div>

<p>The M2 beam line is able to transport various secondary and tertiary <a href="Particle_beams" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle beams">particle beams</a>, which all originate from the Super Proton Synchrotron. The primary proton beam (400 GeV/c and up to 1.5E13 protons per super cycle) is steered on a beryllium production target producing secondary hadrons, mainly consisting of (anti-) protons, pions and kaons.

The production target and the experiment are separated by a 1.1 km long transfer line, allowing through weak decay and use of massive hadron absorbers the production of a naturally spin-polarised muon beam. The beam line is designed to transport beams up to a momentum of 280 GeV/c. Usually, five different beams are used by COMPASS:

</p>

<ul><li><b>positive</b> and <b>negative muon</b> beams with a nominal momentum of 160 GeV/c or 200 GeV/c,</li>

<li><b>positive hadron</b> beams with a nominal momentum of 190 GeV/c and a composition of 75% protons, 24% pions and 1% kaons,</li>

<li><b>negative hadron</b> beams with a nominal momentum of 190 GeV/c and a composition of 1% anti-protons, 97% pions and 2% kaons,</li>

<li>low intensity <b>electron</b> beam for calibration purposes (60 and 40 GeV/c).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beam_telescope">Beam telescope</h3></div>

<p>The timing and the position of the incident particles are determined with cold silicon strip detectors and scintillating fibre detectors. These informations are crucial to determine the interaction point inside the target material. Depending on the beam type, modifications in the beam telescope are done:

</p>

<ul><li>For the <b>muon beam</b>, the momentum is measured using beam momentum stations,</li>

<li>To distinguish between the different particle types in the <b>hadron beam</b>, a Cherenkov detector is used.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target">Target</h3></div>

<p>According to the physics goal, a suitable target is needed. For <b>polarised</b> physics, the spins of the target material need to be oriented in one direction. The target cell contains either ammonium or deuterium, which are polarised by the means of microwave radiation and strong magnetic fields. To keep up the polarisation grade, a <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He <a href="Dilution_refrigerator" title="Dilution refrigerator">dilution refrigerator</a> is used to cool down the target material to 50 mK. The target material can be polarised longitudinal or transverse to the beam axis.

</p><p>For <b>unpolarised </b> physics, mostly liquid hydrogen is used, allowing to study the proton properties. For other physics, where high atomic numbers are needed, nickel, lead and other nuclear targets are used.

</p><p>The main advantage of a fixed target experiment is the large acceptance. Due to the <a href="Lorentz_transformation#boost" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz boost</a>, most of the final states and the scattered particles are created along the beam axis. This leads to the distinctive set-up of a fixed-target experiment: most detectors are placed behind the target ("forward spectrometer").

For some processes it is necessary to detect the recoil nucleon from the target. Here, a recoil proton detector consisting of two barrels of scintillator material is used. The protons are identified by the time of flight and the energy loss.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectrometer">Spectrometer</h3></div>

<p>The COMPASS experiment consists of two spectrometer stages with various tracking detector types, each set-up around a spectrometer magnet to determine the momentum of the particles. The first stage is dedicated to tracks with large scattering (production) angles and the second one for small angles. In addition, the first stage holds a <a href="Ring-imaging_Cherenkov_detector" title="Ring-imaging Cherenkov detector">Ring-Imaging CHerenkov detector</a> ("RICH"), able to distinguish pions and kaons between 10 and 50 GeV.

The following detector types for measuring charged particles are used:

</p>

<ul><li><b>MicroMegas</b>, micro mesh gas detector,</li>

<li><b> Pixelised MicroMegas</b>,</li>

<li><b>GEMs</b>, gaseous electron multiplier,</li>

<li><b>Pixelised GEMs</b>,</li>

<li><b><a href="Wire_chamber#Drift_chambers" title="Wire chamber">Drift chambers</a></b>,</li>

<li><b><a href="Straw_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Straw tracker">Straws</a></b> ,</li>

<li><b>SciFis</b>, scintillating fibre stations,</li>

<li><b><a href="Wire_chamber" title="Wire chamber">MWPC</a></b>, multi wire proportional chambers,</li>

<li><b>Hodoscopes</b>, scintillator counter used for triggering on scattered muons.</li></ul>

<p>Neutral particles, i.e. photons are detected with electro-magnetic <a href="Calorimeter_(particle_physics)" title="Calorimeter (particle physics)">calorimeters</a>. The energy of produced hadrons are determined with hadronic calorimeters.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Super_Proton_Synchrotron_experiments" title="List of Super Proton Synchrotron experiments">List of Super Proton Synchrotron experiments</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwcompass.cern.ch/">Collaboration Official website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwcompass.cern.ch/Pictures/Layout-3D-1L.gif">COMPASS experimental setup</a></li>

<li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29662">COMPASS homes in on the nucleon spin</a>", <i>The CERN Courier</i>, 25 July 2006 (accessed 26 June 2008).</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspirehep.net/experiments/1110255">CERN-NA-058 (COMPASS)</a> experiment record on <a href="INSPIRE-HEP" title="INSPIRE-HEP">INSPIRE-HEP</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="European_Organization_for_Nuclear_Research_(CERN)446" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="CERN" title="CERN">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a> (CERN)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Large_Hadron_Collider_experiments" title="List of Large Hadron Collider experiments">List of LHC experiments</a></li>

<li><a href="ALICE_experiment" title="ALICE experiment">ALICE</a></li>

<li><a href="ATLAS_experiment" title="ATLAS experiment">ATLAS</a></li>

<li><a href="MoEDAL_experiment" title="MoEDAL experiment">MoEDAL</a></li>

<li><a href="TOTEM_experiment" title="TOTEM experiment">TOTEM</a></li>

<li><a href="FASER_experiment" title="FASER experiment">FASER</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Large_Electron%E2%80%93Positron_Collider" title="Large Electron–Positron Collider">Large Electron–Positron Collider</a> (LEP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Large_Electron%E2%80%93Positron_Collider#Detectors" title="Large Electron–Positron Collider">List of LEP experiments</a></li>

<li><a href="ALEPH_experiment" title="ALEPH experiment">ALEPH</a></li>

<li><a href="DELPHI_experiment" title="DELPHI experiment">DELPHI</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Super_Proton_Synchrotron" title="Super Proton Synchrotron">Super Proton Synchrotron</a> (SPS)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Super_Proton_Synchrotron_experiments" title="List of Super Proton Synchrotron experiments">List of SPS experiments</a></li>

<li><a href="AWAKE" title="AWAKE">AWAKE</a></li>

<li><a href="NA61_experiment" title="NA61 experiment">NA61/SHINE</a></li>

<li><a href="HOLEBC" class="mw-redirect" title="HOLEBC">HOLEBC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proton_Synchrotron" title="Proton Synchrotron">Proton Synchrotron</a> (PS)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="CLOUD_experiment" title="CLOUD experiment">PS215/CLOUD</a></li>

<li><a href="Gargamelle" title="Gargamelle">Gargamelle</a></li>

<li><a href="2_m_Bubble_Chamber_(CERN)" title="2 m Bubble Chamber (CERN)">2 m Bubble Chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="30_cm_Bubble_Chamber_(CERN)" title="30 cm Bubble Chamber (CERN)">30 cm Bubble Chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="81_cm_Saclay_Bubble_Chamber" title="81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber">81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linear accelerators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AWAKE" title="AWAKE">AWAKE</a></li>

<li><a href="CERN_Linear_Electron_Accelerator_for_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research">CLEAR</a></li>

<li><a href="CERN_Hadron_Linacs#Linac" title="CERN Hadron Linacs">Linac</a></li>

<li><a href="CERN_Hadron_Linacs#Linac_2" title="CERN Hadron Linacs">Linac 2</a></li>

<li><a href="CERN_Hadron_Linacs#Linac_3" title="CERN Hadron Linacs">Linac 3</a></li>

<li><a href="CERN_Hadron_Linacs#Linac4" title="CERN Hadron Linacs">Linac4</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other accelerators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="On-Line_Isotope_Mass_Separator" class="mw-redirect" title="On-Line Isotope Mass Separator">ISOLDE</a> facility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CERN-MEDICIS" title="CERN-MEDICIS">CERN-MEDICIS</a></li>

<li><a href="COLLAPS_experiment" title="COLLAPS experiment">COLLAPS</a></li>

<li><a href="ISOLTRAP_experiment" title="ISOLTRAP experiment">ISOLTRAP</a></li>

<li><a href="LUCRECIA_experiment" title="LUCRECIA experiment">LUCRECIA</a></li>

<li><a href="Miniball_experiment" title="Miniball experiment">Miniball</a></li>

<li><a href="MIRACLS_experiment" title="MIRACLS experiment">MIRACLS</a></li>

<li><a href="WISArD_experiment" title="WISArD experiment">WISArD</a>

<ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="WITCH_experiment" title="WITCH experiment">WITCH</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-accelerator experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="High_Luminosity_Large_Hadron_Collider" title="High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider">High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider</a></li>

<li><a href="Compact_Linear_Collider" title="Compact Linear Collider">Compact Linear Collider</a></li>

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